APERTURE
Th Apreture is a component of the exposure
triangle which also include the ISO and shutter speed. It is the size of the
lens iris while a picture is being taken. A large apreture is that of F2.8
which would give a blurred backbround in the image, while a small apreture of
F22 will result the image being complete sharp and infocus from foreground to
background.
Digital Photography School, 2013. Introduction
to Aperture in Digital Photopgraphy. [online]
[Accessed 26 December 2013].
ALBUMEN PRINT
Between the 1855 and 1895 the most used
photographic paper was the Albumen paper, it was invented by Talbot and after
he published the process for creating the Albumen paper it immediately was put
to practice. The process required the use of egg whites, water and silver
nitrate solution.
Albumen, 2000. The History, Technique
and Structure of Albumen Prints. [online]
[Accessed 26 December 2013].
BROWNIE
CAMERA
The brownie camera was invented in 1900 by
George Eastman, it used a 117 roll film. In 1904 a leatherette with large grain
was added as cover with a total of 367,000 models produced.
Kodak Box Brownie, 2013. The
Brownie Complete Overview. [online]
[Accessed 9 December 2013].
COMPOSITE PHOTOGRAPHS
Composite
photographs or collages are a set of photographs that were cut and placed onto
a new background to produce one image. These were very common during the 19th
century, since exposures took a relatively long time for proper exposure; it
was extremely difficult to have a large group of people photographed as a group
due to the recording of movement in the photograph. The solution was the use of
composite photographs where the photographer used to take separate images of
people and than produce one final image using the various pictures taken.
McCord
Musuem, n.a. Composite Photographs Introduction. [online] Available at:
<http://www.mccordmuseum.qc.ca/en/keys/virtualexhibits/notmanstudio/exploration/animation/composites/> [Accessed 10 January 2014].
CYANOTYPE
This Cyanotype process was invented by Sir
John Herschel in 1842, cyanotypes were created using a combination of iron
compounds solutions and resulted in a blue background with white print.
Alternative Photography, 2000. Cyanotype
– the classic process. [online]
Available at:
<http://www.alternativephotography.com/wp/processes/cyanotype/cyanotype-classic-process> [Accessed 9 December 2013].
CUBISM
Pablo Picasso together with Georges Braque
created the Cubism movement between the 1907 and 1914 in Paris. The main
principle of Cubism was that of using objects retransformed in geometric
shapes, they were totally against the reinterpretation of nature and all the
previous old school concepts of perspective.
The Metroplitian Museum of Art, 2013.
Cubism. [online]
[Accessed 26 December 2013].
CAMERA OBSCURA
The camera obscura consists in a device (Box)
that projects an image onto a bigger screen; artists used it as an aid for the
accurate painting of a scene. It was on of the first inventions that triggered
the road to photography and the camera its self.
The Magic Mirror of Life, 2008. What is
a camera obscura?. [online]
[Accessed 26 December 2013].
DADAISM
Initiated in 1916, it was formed by a group of
artists, writers and intellectuals. They all shared the same hard feelings
against the than current society and art’s world, their work could be
considered as shock Art and it consisted in installations, and performances.
The name Dada its self was inspired from a baby talk, so it had no real
meaning.
About.com Art History, 2013. What is
Dada?. [online]
[Accessed 26 December 2013].
DAGUERREOTYPE
The Daguerreotype is the result of the
photographic experimentations conducted by the Frenchmen Loius Daguerre. The
image was created onto a copper plated sheet.
The Daguerreian society, 1996. A
Thumnail History of the Daguerreotype. [online]
[Accessed 26 December 2013].
DRY PLATE
Dr.
Richard L Maddox invented the Dry Plate process or also known as the Gelatin
photographic process in 1871. This consisted in having a photographic glass
plate coated with a light sensitive gelatin, they needed to be left to dry
before being used. The dry plate process allowed the plate to be exposed
transported and processed at a later stage, unlike to preceding wet plate,
which needed to be exposed and processed immediately. The modern roll film was
the result of a continuous upgrade of the gelatine dry plate process.
National
Film & Sound Archive, n.a. Dry Plate Photographic Process. [online]
Available at: <
http://nfsa.gov.au/preservation/glossary/dry-plate-photographic-process
>
[Accessed
10 January 2014].
EXPOSURE
The exposure is the lenght of time that an image is exposed to light in
order to be recorded on a camera sensor or 35mm film. The exposure is
adjusted accordinly to the effect
desired, or the type of image being recodred. The 3 main adjustments for a
correct exposure are made in the Shutter Speed, Apreture and ISO.
WikiHow, n.a. How to Undersatand Camera
Exposure. [online]
[Accessed 26 December 2013].
ETHNOGRAPHY
The
term Ethnography is the scientific study and proof of various communities with
their own customs, habits and differences. As early as in the 1850s photography
was used to document such exotic places and savagery, with the intention for
both study and resale. These ethnographic images are of a great value to the
anthropology world for the study of mankind.
Continuum,
2000. ‘Persistent images: photographic archives in ethnographic collections’.
[online] Available at: <
http://wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au/ReadingRoom/6.2/Nordstrom.html>
[Accessed 10 January 2014].
FORMAL
ELEMENTS
These are a set of elements used in art and
design in order to produce an artwork, consisting in line, shape, form,
texture, tone, pattern, color and composition.
All of these can be combined to produce a final work of art of any other
work.
Hardley Art, 2012. The Formal Elements
in Art. [online]
[Accessed 26 December 2013].
FOCUS
The
word focus of term point of focus is the main subject in which most of the attention
is given in a photograph. It is also the sharpest part of an image; every
photograph should have a part that it well in focus, otherwise it will result
in a badly taken image. A totally out of focus image can be produced in order
to make an abstract image.
Steve’s
Digicams, 2014. Point of Focus and Depth of Field. [online] Available
at:
<http://www.steves-digicams.com/knowledge-center/point-of-focus-and-depth-of-field.html
- b> [Accessed 10 January 2014].
ISO
ISO is part of the exposure triangle which includes the shutter speed and
aperture. It is found on the camera menu starting with a figure of 100 and
doubleing in amount for each increment. The lower the ISO number the amera
sensor will be less sensitive to light, with a larger ISO number the sensor
will be more sensitive to light and enable a faster exposure. The higher the
ISO is increased, the more noise will be recorded onto the image.
Photographylife, 2013. Understanding ISO. [online]
[Accessed 26 December 2013].
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
In
between the 18th and 19th century the Industrial
Revolution took place and consisted in rural communities, both in Europe and
the USA to became industrialized and transformed into an urban society. Before
the Industrial Revolution all sort of manufacturing work was produced manually
with basic tools and most of the time in people’s home. Large machinery where
being used and large factories were opened to produce items in a mass
production.
History, 2013. Industrial Revolution.
[online]
This
word is used when two different items or words are placed side by side to
create a comparisons or contrasts, in photography it is used to create more
interest in an image. The main key for juxtaposition is to use two opposites in
contrast to each other; it is also commonly used also in writing, music and
art.
Scene
in a different light, 2014. Juxtaposition. [online] Available at:
KODAK
The word Kodak was invented by George
Eastman as brand name for his camera production, for him it was as vague as a
child’s ‘goo’ he made it a point for the word to be short, easy to pronounce
and with no connection to other words whatsoever.
Brand New Meaning 2011. Kodak.
[online]
LEICA
The Leica camera was invented in 1925 by
Oskar Barnack. He had the idea to create a small camera using the 35mm film,
which could be used for reportage without being too noticable.
Leica n.a. History. [online]
THE NEGATIVE
The
negative is a transparent material that was used in the photographic field to
capture an image onto it, than the image was projected onto a sensitized paper
in a lightproof environment to produce a photographic print.
Encyclopedia
Britannica , 2014. Negative. [online] Available at:
PICTORIALISM
Started
in the 1860’s it was an approach towards photography with the main aim of
depicting the beauty of the subject, via composition and tonality instead of a
documentary value.
Britannica 2013. Pictorialism.
[online] Available at:
The
shutter speed is the amount of time, which a lens iris is kept opened to let
light on the sensor/35mm film and produce an exposure. A slow shutter speed
will result in a blurred image, while a fast shutter speed will allow to freeze
the action.
Photographylife, 2013. Undersatanding Shutter Speed. [online]
[Accessed 26 December 2013].
SURREALISM
The
Surrealism was created right after the Dada movement and had its manifesto
published in 1942 by critic Andre Breton. Their main aim was to make a connection
between the conscious and subconscious mind, it was also an alternative to the
Cubist movement, which was much more of a formal rule.
WebMuseum Paris, 2007. Surrealism. [online]
THE STEREOGRAPH
A
piece of equipment which looks like a binocular, two almost identical images
are placed in front of the stereograph, while looking trough the viewfinder the
image will appear as in a three dimensional image. This was a very in the mid
19th century.
Awerican Antiquarian Society, n.a. Stereographs. [online]
[Accessed 26 December 2013].
SLR
The
term SLR is the abbreviation to Single Reflex Camera, this sort of camera uses
35mm film or a digital sensor as widely used today. It is the chosen camera for
professional photographers and amateurs alike. The characteristic of an SLR
camera is that the light from the subject is directly transferred from a mirror
to the eyepiece from which the photographer is looking, hence he will have view
exactly what the film or sensor will capture. Various lenses can be
interchanged to obtain different depth of field and focal lengths.
HyperPhysics,
2014. Single-Lens Reflex Camera. [online]
[Accessed 10 January 2014].
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